What method does the UN primarily use for individual review of human rights records?

The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is the method that the United Nations primarily employs for the individual review of human rights records. This mechanism, which was established by the UN Human Rights Council in 2006, involves a comprehensive review of the human rights situations in all UN member states, conducted every four years.

During the UPR process, each country's human rights record is evaluated based on information provided by different stakeholders, including the state itself, independent human rights experts, and non-governmental organizations. This review emphasizes collaborative dialogue and provides an opportunity for states to reflect on their human rights achievements and challenges.

The UPR is unique in its inclusivity and universality, as all member states are subjected to the same review process, thereby promoting accountability and the sharing of best practices for human rights protection across nations. This differs from other mechanisms, such as complaints procedures and treaty bodies that focus on specific issues or treaties, or the role of Special Rapporteurs, who investigate particular human rights concerns or situations. The UPR stands out as an overarching process aimed at fostering improvement in the human rights practices of countries around the world.